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Ethynyl estradiol is an estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 = 8.5 pM in a reporter assay using T47D cells).{67261} It reduces serum cholesterol levels and femur bone mass and increases uterine mass in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of postmenopause when administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg per day.{67262} Ethynyl estradiol also has been found in wastewater effluent, and it prevents secondary sexual development in male fathead minnows (P. promelas) and increases the numbers of intersex fish when used at a concentration of 4 ng/l.{67264,67263} Formulations containing ethynyl estradiol have been used as contraceptives.